Is “the crowd” ethical enough to be a source of ethical principles?
https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2022/289/
Ethics of AI-Supported Autonomous Driving
In recent years, artificial intelligence has essentially contributed to the progress of human society in various application areas. However, it also gave raise to questioning its ethical principles in application domains such as autonomous driving. Despite a plethora of research related to acceptance of autonomously driving vehicles in the MIS research community, how ethical principles are seen by individuals have been mostly left out of consideration so far. The goal of this study is to provide an understanding of how people would like AI-enabled autonomous vehicles to behave. Respondents are asked how they would like to see an autonomous car react in different scenarios, who they think should set the standards for the car behavior, and who they think should be responsible for accidents and crashes involving driverless vehicles. The results of the survey are evaluated both in aggregated form and by means of a cluster analysis.
The time for Privacy approacheth…
https://www.pogowasright.org/colorado-privacy-act-the-cannabis-industry-prepares-for-enforcement/
Colorado Privacy Act: The Cannabis Industry Prepares for Enforcement
Jeremy Meisinger of Foley Hoag LLP writes:
As we wrote last year, Colorado is among the vanguard of privacy-focused states—including California, Washington, and Virginia—to adopt significant state-level privacy legislation. One year out from enforcement of the Colorado Privacy Act (which begins on July 1, 2023), businesses should begin to put their compliance frameworks in place, as some of the Colorado Privacy Act’s significant requirements will need substantial investment beforehand to afford consumers the rights that they are guaranteed under the Act.
Sizeable businesses that are part of Colorado’s over $2 billion cannabis market should take special note of the Act’s requirements, as cannabis businesses with a significant retail component often manage large amounts of personal information in relation to customers. While many smaller operations are likely to be exempt—the Act does not apply unless the business either processes the data of 100,000 consumers yearly or engages in the sale of personal data while also processing the data of 25,000 customers—larger businesses should be planning now to comply with the Act. [But probably won’t Bob]
Read more at Security, Privacy and the Law.
Still thinking about copyright…
https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/etd/107/
Where is the Author: the Copyright Protection for AI-Generated Works
The two groups of the human-or-machine questions, whether AI-generated works are copyrightable and whether AI-generated works have human authors, are revisiting the current copyright law with the emergence of AI-generated works. These revisiting questions reveal that the current authorship requirement fails to provide a clear and operable standard on evaluating a human contributor’s intellectual labor for creative output. Such a defect of the current authorship requirement has to be fixed to respond to the technological change of artificial intelligence and the burgeoning prevalence of AI- or advanced computer program-generated works.
This dissertation’s main goal is to fix the flaw of the authorship requirement by establishing an improved authorship spectrum. The improved authorship spectrum can serve as a guide to evaluate whether a human contributor provide sufficient intellectual labor for creative output, and to locate the human author(s) behind a creative output in this AI era. I argue that by applying the improved spectrum to AI-generated works, such types of works can be distinguished into the two categories “the authored and copyrightable AI-generated works” and “the authorless and uncopyrighted ones.” Therefore, my intended conclusion for the revisiting human-or-machine questions is: not every AI-generated work falls out of the scope of copyright protection; some of the AI-generated works do have human authors and thus are copyrighted works of authorship, but some are authorless works because their human contributors all failed to offer the sufficient intellectual labor for the work.
Can law be reduced to a mathematical formula?
https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol105/iss3/4/
A New Metaphor: How Artificial Intelligence Links Legal Reasoning and Mathematical Thinking
Artificial intelligence’s (AI’s) impact on the legal community expands exponentially each year. As AI advances, lawyers have more powerful tools to enhance their ability to research and analyze the law, as well as to draft contracts and other legal documents. Lawyers are already using tools powered by AI and are learning to shift their methodologies to take advantage of these enhancements. To continue to grow into their shifting role, lawyers should understand the relationship between AI, mathematics, and legal reasoning.
I think very well, therefore I must be a robot?
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-05434-1_31
Will Robots Know That They Are Robots? The Ethics of Utilizing Learning Machines
The aspirations for a global society of learning technology are high these days. Machine Learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are two key terms of any socio-political and technological discourse. Both terms however, are riddled with confusion both on practical and conceptual levels. Learning for one thing, assumes that an entity gains and develops their knowledge bank in ways that are meaningful to the entity’s existence. Intelligence entails not just computationality but flexibility of thought, problem-solving skills and creativity. At the heart of both concepts rests the philosophy and science of consciousness. For in order to meaningfully acquire information, or build upon knowledge, there should be a core or executive function that defines the concerns of the entity and what newly encountered information means in relation to its existence. A part of this definition of concerns is also the demarcation of the self in relation to others. This paper takes a socio-cognitive scientific approach to deconstructing the two currently overused terms of ML and AI by creating a design fiction of sorts. This design fiction serves to illustrate some complex problems of consciousness, identity and ethics in a potential future world of learning machines.
Worth thinking about? Should we get into the trucking business?
Self-Driving Big Rigs Are Coming. Is America Ready?
Autonomous trucks that mostly stick to highways could make sense, both technologically and economically, in ways robotaxis have not. The goal is better-than-human, but not perfect, autonomous driving; jobs are probably on the line.
… “One thing that really surprised us was that the additional cost of the technology required by autonomous trucks is relatively small,” says Parth Vaishnav, an assistant professor at the University of Michigan and co-author of a recent study on the impacts self-driving trucks would have on truckers.
Adding even $20,000 of hardware, in the form of additional sensors and powerful computers, to a long-haul truck is quickly offset by the elimination of labor costs, which typically represent 15% to 20% of the cost of operating a truck. Another big economic impact is that by law a human driving a truck must stop and rest. That means every truck, which can cost between $100,000 and $200,000, is only being used about 30% to 40% of the time. Just running them 24 hours, stopping only for fuel and maintenance, increases their utilization by a factor of two or more.
“It’s economically so compelling that, even if other things about the truck modestly increase costs, it may turn out it will still be attractive,” adds Dr. Vaishnav.
How do we narrow the gap?
https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3530019.3530030
How Do Software Companies Deal with Artificial Intelligence Ethics? A Gap Analysis
The public and academic discussion on Artificial Intelligence (AI) ethics is accelerating and the general public is becoming more aware AI ethics issues such as data privacy in these systems. To guide ethical development of AI systems, governmental and institutional actors, as well as companies, have drafted various guidelines for ethical AI. Though these guidelines are becoming increasingly common, they have been criticized for a lack of impact on industrial practice. There seems to be a gap between research and practice in the area, though its exact nature remains unknown. In this paper, we present a gap analysis of the current state of the art by comparing practices of 39 companies that work with AI systems to the seven key requirements for trustworthy AI presented in the “The Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence”. The key finding of this paper is that there is indeed notable gap between AI ethics guidelines and practice. Especially practices considering the novel requirements for software development, requirements of societal and environmental well-being and diversity, nondiscrimination and fairness were not tackled by companies.
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